• br Introduction The Ras superfamily of small GTPases is

  2022-05-06

  

  Introduction The Ras superfamily of small GTPases is composed of more than 150 protein members involved in a wide variety of biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and protein trafficking [1]. The Ras superfamily proteins act as molecular switches

• br GSK Glycogen synthase kinase GSK is a ubiquitous

  2022-05-06

  

  GSK-3 Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that is involved in multiple signaling pathways that are crucial for cellular metabolism and proliferation (Doble and Woodgett, 2003, Frame and Cohen, 2001, Grimes and Jope, 2001, Woodgett, 1990). GSK-3 is known to d

• The diversity of biological properties

  2022-05-06

  

  The DMOG of biological properties and interactions of GSK-3 have been reviewed recently (, , , , ). The interactions of GSK-3 in the signaling pathways induced by nutraceuticals is covered in the review by ) in this special issue of . GSK-3 is a frequent target of many nutraceuticals such as curcum

• br Discussion Recent progresses in osteoblast

  2022-05-06

  

  Discussion Recent progresses in osteoblast biology reveal that aerobic glycolysis was the main pathway to supply energy and materials that need by osteoblast differentiation [3]. In current study, we showed that LA enhanced the effect of PTH on osteblast differentiation and revealed an unrecogniz

• br Introduction Activation of the lipid sensing receptor GPR

  2022-05-06

  

  Introduction Activation of the lipid sensing receptor, GPR55, by lysophosphatidyl inositol (LPI) has been well documented, and implicated in endocannabinoid signaling [1]. Intracellular events resulting from GPR55 activation include; enhanced β-arrestin activity, calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 p

• Consistent with other studies on

  2022-05-06

  

  Consistent with other studies on the metabolic effects of an OM3 enriched diet [26,104,105], irrespective of gender, the lowest glucose levels were seen in the Bob-Cat groups fed OM3 diet. Sexual dimorphism was observed in insulin levels. The highest average levels were in the HFD fed [Tg(CAT)±] mal

• The GLU Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to monitor cAMP

  2022-05-06

  

  The GLU-Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to monitor cAMP responses to GPR119 ligands in individual primary cultured L-cells. Not all L-cells were found to be responsive to AR231453, suggesting there may be a subpopulation of L-cells that do not express functional GPR119. There was a tendency for sma

• br FXR Agonists Azepinol b indole

  2022-05-06

  

  FXR Agonists Azepinol[4,5-b]indole 1 (hEC50=600nM, efficacy (eff)=100%) was identified as a FXR agonist lead from a high-throughput screening effort. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies around the azepine ring demonstrated that dialkyl substitution at C-1 led to a 30-fold improvement in

• We first investigated the influence of

  2022-05-06

  

  We first investigated the influence of the -acyl group of the glycine amide side chain and found that shorter linkers lead to better activities (–); simple -benzoyl substituents were always superior to the 3-arylpropanoyl group present in the high-throughput hit (). Electron withdrawing substituents

• Boc-D-Asp(OtBu)-OH.DCHA mg Glycogen synthase kinase GSK is c

  2022-05-06

  

  Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is currently considered to be a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase involved in a wide spectrum of cellular processes such as glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, neuronal function, oncogenesis or embryonic development (for recent reviews see: Rayasam et al.

• SB 431542 In insects structural cuticular proteins CPs play

  2022-05-06

  

  In insects, structural cuticular proteins (CPs) play important roles in determining the diverse physical properties of the cuticle, depending on developmental stages, as well as different body regions, as a result of interactions with other CPs and the structural biopolymer chitin [4]. Many studies

• To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft

  2022-05-05

  

  To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft below the affinity of its receptors, this amino bun hot is rapidly removed from the extracellular space by a family of sodium-dependent high-affinity transport systems located mainly in the plasma membrane of perisynaptic astrocytes, and in to

• The plasma levels of glucose and amino acids at day

  2022-05-05

  

  The plasma levels of glucose and amino acids at day 0 likely represent the function in utero since the blood was collected within 2h after birth. To elucidate the roles of intestinal transporters as determinants of plasma levels of glucose and amino acids, we analyzed the correlation between the exp

• Next the effects of a phenyl group

  2022-05-05

  

  Next, the effects of a phenyl group at the 3- and 4-positions of the furan on GCGR affinity were investigated (). Surprisingly, despite the lack of a 4-phenyl group at the furan, compound exhibited almost the same GCGR affinity as compound . On the other hand, when the phenyl group at the 3-positio

• The presented results speak for the direct

  2022-05-05

  

  The presented results speak for the direct effects of ghrelin on rat spermatozoa, which are accomplished by the activation of the GHSR-1a receptor. Thus, the results seem to be of physiological significance in vivo since ghrelin, the natural ligand of GHSR-1a, was found to be present in the seminal

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